People often get up-tight when they first learn of the existence of variations in the text of the Greek New Testament, but their concerns are baseless.聽 The text of the New Testament is far-and-away the most attested and stable text of any ancient document.聽 In fact, if you question the stability of the text of the New Testament, you probably ought to disregard just about everything you think you know about ancient history since almost all the important historical manuscripts from which such history is derived are from copies that are far later and of far poorer quality than are our New Testament manuscripts.
I recently discovered a convenient way to demonstrate this!
For my birthday this past year my wife gave me the recently published: The UBS Greek New Testament:聽 Reader鈥檚 Edition with Textual Notes.聽 I was delighted to finally own a Greek Bible that included definitions of infrequently used Greek words alongside of textual notes (notes that display variations among Greek manuscripts and that list some of the important manuscripts that form the basis for the text we use for translating).聽 But when I opened the book for the first time, I was surprised (and, I鈥檒l be honest, somewhat disappointed) to find only a few textual notes鈥攆ar fewer than I expected.聽 It turns out that the editors made a conscious decision to only include variants that they deemed important for the meaning of a text.聽 I鈥檒l let them describe what they did in their own words:聽
鈥淐ompared to the NA27 and the UBS4, the edition at hand focuses on places where variants from the reading of the USB4 signifantly impact the meaning of the text鈥 (p. 11*).鈥
Before I make my big point in this post, please allow the sentence I just cited to teach you something about textual criticism.聽 Some of you think that I just made two scribal mistakes while typing in that quote. 聽(Did you catch them?) 聽No, those two mistakes are actually in the printed text of the volume鈥a volume published by text critics no less!聽 (Ouch鈥)聽 The two printed mistakes are 鈥淯SB4鈥 (instead of 鈥淯BS4鈥) and the spelling of the word 鈥渟ignifantly鈥 (instead of 鈥渟ignificantly鈥).
But to read that sentence, you yourself had to do a bit of impromptu textual criticism!聽 So at this point let me ask you a question:聽 How much did those two variants impact your understanding of the meaning of the sentence?聽 You probably understood the sentence without difficulty (and perhaps didn鈥檛 even notice the UBS4/USB4 difference the first time you read it).聽 The types of changes found in this English sentence are analogous to the vast majority of textual variants found among New Testament manuscripts.聽
Now to the main point of this post鈥β The editors of the Greek New Testament my wife bought me for my birthday (and there are no better editors than this group!) claim that the only variants that they included are the ones that significantly impact the meaning of the text.聽 In other words, they don鈥檛 think that other variants significantly impact the meaning of the text.聽 So they have gathered together in this volume the ones they consider the important ones.
And what do you discover when you actually look at the 鈥渟ignificant鈥 differences?聽 You discover how stable our text really is!聽 Following is a list of every variant found in 1 Corinthians that the editors of this volume deemed important for determining the meaning of the text.聽 (I have translated them into English for you.)
1:14聽 鈥淚 give thanks to God that鈥︹ / 鈥淚 give thanks to my God that鈥︹ / 鈥淚 give thanks that鈥︹
2:1聽 鈥渨hile proclaiming to you the mystery of God鈥 / 鈥渨hile proclaiming to you the testimony of God鈥 (鈥渕ystery鈥 and 鈥渢estimony鈥 look very similar in Greek)
5:5聽 鈥渋n the day of the Lord鈥 / 鈥渋n the day of the Lord Jesus鈥 / 鈥渋n the day of the Lord Jesus Christ鈥 / 鈥渋n the day of our Lord Jesus Christ鈥
7:15聽 鈥淕od has called you in peace鈥 / 鈥淕od has called us in peace鈥 (鈥測ou鈥 and 鈥渦s鈥 are extremely close in Greek)
10:9聽 鈥淣or let us test Christ鈥 / 鈥淣or let us test the Lord鈥 / 鈥淣or let us test God鈥
11:24聽 鈥淭his is my body that is for you鈥 / 鈥淭his is my body that is broken for you鈥 / 鈥淭his is my body that is broken [different word] for you鈥
13:3聽 鈥淎nd if I give my body that I might boast鈥 / 鈥淎nd if I give my body that I will be burned鈥 / 鈥淎nd if I give my body that I might be burned鈥 (The difference between these three variants is a single letter.)
14:34-35聽 These two verses are sometimes included after verse 40 instead of in the position found in most manuscripts but there is no significant change to it.
14:38聽 鈥淏ut if anyone disregards, he is disregarded鈥 / 鈥淏ut if anyone disregards, let him be disregarded鈥 (same word, different tense)
15:49聽 鈥渨e will bear the image of the heavenly one鈥 / 鈥渓et us bear the image of the heavenly one鈥 (one letter difference, and they sound almost identical)
That鈥檚 it!聽 That鈥檚 every significant variant in 1 Corinthians.聽 I remember my father coining the word 鈥渦nderwhelmed鈥 when I was a child.聽 Are you feeling underwhelmed at this moment?聽 You should be.聽 That鈥檚 the point.聽
If you exclude from the wider discussion the two longer passages that seem to create the most discussion among my students (John 8 and the ending of Mark), and a handful of other passages in the New Testament that are a bit more important, you have just gotten for yourself a glimpse into the kind and quality of the so-called 鈥渟ignificant鈥 New Testament variants.
So when maverick scholars attempt to convince you that the Greek text underlying the New Testament that you read, love, and strive to obey is unstable, you probably shouldn鈥檛 take them very seriously.聽 God has marvelously preserved His Word.聽 The UBS Greek New Testament: Readers Edition with Textual Notes offers us a convenient way to demonstrate that such a claim is true.